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- <text id=90TT1456>
- <title>
- June 04, 1990: Do People Get Hooked On Sex?
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- June 04, 1990 Gorbachev:In The Eye Of The Storm
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- BEHAVIOR, Page 72
- Do People Get Hooked on Sex?
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Psychologists debate how to treat a different kind of
- "addiction"
- </p>
- <p>By Barbara Dolan
- </p>
- <p> "What we're talking about is a willingness to risk any kind
- of consequence for a pleasure that gets you so hooked you
- cannot stop."
- </p>
- <p>-- Patrick Carnes, Golden Valley Institute for Behavioral Medicine
- </p>
- <p> "It's not an addiction. You can use it as a metaphor, but
- it's oversimplifying a complex phenomenon, and that could be
- dangerous."
- </p>
- <p>-- Eli Coleman, University of Minnesota
- </p>
- <p> A woman uses a vibrator so intensely that she ends up in an
- emergency room. A priest steals money from his church's
- collection box so that he can pay for prostitutes. A young
- father of three small children sneaks out at night for
- anonymous sex in public bathrooms. He contracts AIDS and
- infects his wife. Both of them are dying.
- </p>
- <p> Why do otherwise normal men and women do such things? Why
- do they let their sexual desires destroy their families, their
- jobs, even their health? Is it possible that they are powerless
- to control their urges? Are they addicted to sex, just as a
- junkie is dependent on his next fix?
- </p>
- <p> The notion that people can suffer from "sex addiction" has
- become one of the most hotly debated theories in psychology.
- Frequent reports of bizarre sexual excess have spawned
- competing ideas about what causes the behavior and how to treat
- it. Last week the controversy erupted anew as nearly 300 sex
- educators, researchers and clinicians met in Minneapolis for
- a national conference held to explore why some people are
- compulsive about sex.
- </p>
- <p> On one side at the meeting was Patrick Carnes, a senior
- fellow at the Golden Valley Institute for Behavioral Medicine,
- outside Minneapolis, who introduced the sex-addiction theory
- in 1983 in his best-selling book, Out of the Shadows. Said
- Carnes: "What we're talking about is a loss of control and
- willingness to risk any kind of consequence for a pleasure that
- gets you so hooked you cannot stop." But other experts
- dismissed that argument. Contended University of Minnesota
- psychologist Eli Coleman, who believes compulsive sexual
- behaviors are types of anxiety-based disorders: "It's not an
- addiction. There's no substance involved. You can use it as a
- metaphor, but it's oversimplifying a complex phenomenon, and
- that could be dangerous."
- </p>
- <p> The debate is not just academic. More and more people are
- seeking treatments for sex addiction that are modeled on those
- established for alcohol or drug dependency. Since Carnes opened
- the first inpatient sex-addiction treatment program in 1985,
- his method has been used with more than 1,500 patients. Four
- different nationwide support programs for sex addicts,
- patterned after Alcoholics Anonymous, boast a total membership
- of 20,000.
- </p>
- <p> Carnes says sex addicts, generally, were abused as children.
- They suffer from low self-esteem and use compulsive sex as a
- substitute for the love and acceptance they never got at home.
- They develop an elaborate system of denial to delude themselves
- into thinking that their behavior is acceptable.
- </p>
- <p> To break out of their addiction, says Carnes, people must
- acknowledge that they have a problem and seek support from a
- group of other recovering addicts. In most sex-addiction
- programs, patients go through the twelve treatment steps
- designed for A.A. groups. The steps include admitting the
- nature of the wrongs committed and making amends to people who
- were hurt. Carnes also explores his clients' family background
- and helps them confront the origins of their behavior.
- </p>
- <p> Critics charge that Carnes has vandalized the scientific
- concept of addiction and is using it to develop a pop
- psychology. They say the treatment does not necessarily get at
- the root cause of the behavior and may harm some people more
- than help them. "Addiction is used so interchangeably with
- everything that it loses its meaning," says Robert Csandl, who
- runs sex-offender and substance-abuse treatment programs in
- Allentown, Pa. "Even if you're using the word addiction
- metaphorically, it blurs good assessment, which is essential to
- starting appropriate treatment." Johns Hopkins researcher John
- Money sees the focus on sex addiction as a fad. "People trying
- to make money on it better hurry up," he says. "It'll probably
- dry up in five years."
- </p>
- <p> Others argue that solid evidence is accumulating in support
- of the addiction hypothesis. Psychologist Harvey Milkman and
- chemist Stanley Sunderwirth, authors of the book Craving for
- Ecstasy: The Consciousness and Chemistry of Escape, point out
- that sexual arousal triggers an increase in the release of
- certain neurotransmitters in the brain in much the same way
- that the taking of mood-altering drugs does. It is possible
- that sex addicts try to get the high that results from those
- chemicals.
- </p>
- <p> Whatever genetic and environmental factors are involved,
- says Carnes, the problem, like alcohol and drug dependency,
- tends to run in families. This suggests that the addictions
- have a similar origin. A national study he conducted found that
- 87% of the sex addicts surveyed claimed that other members of
- their families were also compulsive about sex or had some other
- form of addiction.
- </p>
- <p> To Carnes, the most important support for the sex-addiction
- idea is that treatment programs based on the theory often work.
- The family therapist, who is featured on Contrary to Love, a
- TV series aired on PBS, is working on a book analyzing the
- kinds of recoveries made by 500 sex addicts who have been in
- treatment for five years or more. Among the more successful
- cases is Burt Schneider, 48, an author from Tucson, who sought
- help after going through multiple extramarital affairs. "Up to
- a point I could control it," he says. "After that I couldn't."
- Schneider learned to confront his problem and share his secret
- torment with his wife Jennifer, an internist. Dr. Schneider,
- who entered a self-help program for relatives of addicts, wrote
- about her experiences in the book Back from Betrayal.
- </p>
- <p> Carnes admits that scientists are a long way from fully
- understanding the causes of compulsive sexual behavior. He
- cannot yet explain why some forms of treatment are successful.
- "What I do know," says Carnes, "is that people do get better."
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-